Table 3 Summary of the materials and applications by PA technologies for NDT/E

Metal

General cracks and defects

1; 2.1; 2.3

[10, 17,18,19,20, 22, 30,31,32]

Railway cracks and defects

2.1; 2.2

[23, 38, 39]

Steel rebar corrosion monitoring

3

[49, 50]

Li metal battery

2.3

[11, 45]

Optical reflection coefficient; heavy metal contaminants

1

[24, 25]

Composite

Defects

2.1

[29]

Porosity

2.1

[27, 33]

Young’s modulus

2.1

[36]

Damage

2.3

[9, 43, 44]

Silicon

Defects

1; 3

[16, 48]

Damage

2.1

[32, 37]

Others

Coatings

2.1

[15]

Elastic properties and complex refractive index

2.1

[31]

Underdrawings in paintings

2.3

[40]

Precision acoustic field measurement

3

[51]