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Table 2 Orthogonal projection area of different manifolds of tree type and linear type

From: Robustness optimization for rapid prototyping of functional artifacts based on visualized computing digital twins

Computed RP parameter

Tree type

Linear type

Original manifold

External support

Original manifold

External support

Projection area \({S}_{V}\) in vertical plane (mm2)

Maximum

242.0932

225.2717

242.1065

257.5087

hn

17.2414%

10.3448%

17.2414%

20.6897%

Sum

4094.8282

3144.0046

4092.5510

4299.3489

Mean

141.2010

108.4140

141.1224

148.2534

Standard deviation

93.4070

66.5183

93.3993

93.6787

Variance

8724.8710

4424.6831

8723.4231

8775.7021

Projection area \({S}_{W}\) in wall plane (mm2)

Maximum

239.0490

225.2443

239.0490

253.6364

hn

17.2414%

3.4483%

17.2414%

6.8966%

Sum

4475.4144

3807.3829

4472.5832

5022.1253

Mean

154.3246

131.2891

154.2270

173.1767

Standard deviation

79.4550

66.8469

79.4790

73.6694

Variance

6313.1020

4468.5063

6316.9064

5427.1736