Table 1 Summary of published studies using optical neuroimaging concurrently with TMS
Reference | Psychiatric disorder | Sample size | Optical imaging technique | Imaging site (s) | Activation task | TMS stimulation parameters | Stimulation site | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eschweiler et al., 2000 [35] | Major depressive disorder | 12 | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic; left and right-handed mirror drawing | 10 Hz, 10 s duration, 20 trains total, 90% RMT | Left DLPFC | Pre-TMS [HbT] changes during task correlated with changes in HAM-D scores |
Shinba et al., 2018 [36] | Major depressive disorder | 15 | fNIRS | Bilateral frontal cortex | None; resting state | 10 Hz, 4 s duration, 26 s inter-train interval, 3000 pulses, 120% RMT | Left DLPFC | Maintenance and magnitude of [HbO] during stimulation session was related to effectiveness of TMS |
Huang et al., 2022 [37] | Major depressive disorder | 40 depressed; 40 healthy | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Verbal fluency task | 2 Hz, 10 s duration, 3 s inter-train interval, 2600 pulses, 90% RMT | Right DLPFC | Increased [HbO] from baseline to post-treatment in depressed patients positively correlated to reduction of HAM-D scores |
Jiang et al., 2021 [38] | Major depressive disorder | 7 depressed; 6 healthy | DOT | Contralateral DLPFC | None; resting state | 10 Hz, 4 s duration, 26 s inter-train interval, 3000 pulses,100% RMT | Left DLPFC | Depressed subjects observed to have a lower magnitude and volume of [HbO] and [HbT] |
Dresler et al., 2009 [39] | Panic disorder | 1 | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Emotional Stroop task | 10 Hz, 2 s stimulation, 8 s inter-train interval, 2400 pulses, 120% RMT | Left DLPFC | Increased bilateral [HbO] after TMS treatment |
Deppermann et al., 2014 [40] | Panic disorder | 44 | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Verbal fluency task | 15 pulses per second, 2 s duration, 600 pulses, 80% RMT | Left DLPFC | Increase in [HbO] in left inferior frontal gyrus during and post-TMS correlated with anxiety scores |
Deppermann et al., 2017 [41] | Panic disorder | 44 | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Emotional Stroop task | 15 pulses per second, 2 s duration, 600 pulses, 80% RMT | Left DLPFC | Increased [HbO] in bilateral regions during and post-TMS |
Deppermann et al., 2016 [42] | Phobia | 41 with phobia; 42 healthy | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Emotional Stroop task | 15 pulses per second, 2 s duration, 600 pulses, 80% RMT | Left DLPFC | Increased [HbO] in bilateral regions during and post-TMS |
Sutoh et al., 2016 [43] | Bulimia nervosa | 8 | fNIRS | Bilateral prefrontal cortex | Food photo task | 10 Hz, 5 s duration, 55 s inter-train interval, 1000 pulses, 110% RMT | Left DLPFC | Significant decrease in [HbO] in left DLPFC after single treatment |